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learning_theories:the_keller_plan [2011/07/08 13:24] jpetrovic |
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- | ====== The Keller Plan ====== | ||
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- | ===== General ===== | ||
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- | The Keller Plan (also called //The Personalized System of Instruction//) is an instructional method introduced by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], J. Gilmour Sherman, and other researchers in the 1960s.(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])) This individualized learning method was oriented on improvement of high school learning. | ||
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- | ===== What is the Keller plan? ===== | ||
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- | Keller's idea was to make higher education teaching more adjusted to individual needs. His method was first introduced in 1962 in order to help establishing a Department of Psychology at the University of Brasilia and design a course for the students. After additional modifications, the key aspects of his method can be described as follows:(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]])) | ||
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- | * **Go-at-your-own-pace**. A student can move through the course content at his own pace. | ||
- | * Strict definitions of **learning objectives**. | ||
- | * **Unit-perfection requirement**. In order to advance to the next unit, a student needs to demonstrate mastery of the preceding unit. | ||
- | * Emphasis on **written materials**. The emphasis is on learning from written materials. Lectures and demonstrations //will be provided only when you have demonstrated your readiness to appreciate them; no examination will be based upon them: and you need not attend them if you do not wish.//(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]])) | ||
- | * The use of **proctors**. Proctors enhance the social aspect of educational process, enable repeated testing with immediate scoring and tutoring. | ||
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- | Still, as this a behaviorist learning model and Keller is a reinforcement theorist himself, he also notes that the teacher himself decides on the content that is being taught and reinforcement means he employs. Modularization separating the content into a number of slammer units can also be considered to be a form of shaping, or forming desired behavior bit by bit. | ||
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- | ===== What is the practical meaning of the Keller plan? ===== | ||
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- | The practical meaning of Keller's model consists of implementing above measures in practice. An example of this is a [[chunks:hand-out describing Keller's teaching methods]] applied to the first-semester course in General Psychology in 1967. | ||
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- | ===== Criticisms ===== | ||
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- | Criticisms of Keller's method include(([[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2085/Individualized-Instruction.html|Individualized Instruction - Pace, Method, Content, Examples of Individualized Instruction, Final Issues.]]))(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])): | ||
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- | * limited instructional methods, | ||
- | * extra efforts by teacher and tutors, | ||
- | * high dropout rates, and | ||
- | * decreased human interaction. | ||
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- | ===== Keywords and most important names ===== | ||
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- | * **The Keller Plan**, **Individualized System of Instruction**, **self-paced instruction** | ||
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], Gilmour Sherman | ||
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- | ===== Bibliography ===== | ||
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- | [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]] | ||
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- | [[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]] Retrieved July 7, 2011. | ||
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- | ===== Read more ===== | ||
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- | [[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED211099|Daly, D. W., and S. M. Robertson. Keller Plan in the Classroom, 1978.]] | ||