Redundancy Principle

Redundancy principle refers to the fact that capacity of both human information channels can unnecessarily be overloaded by redundant information presented through both channels thereby negatively affecting learning process.1) For example see: Schmidt-Weigand, Florian, and Katharina Scheiter. The role of spatial descriptions in learning from multimedia. Computers in Human Behavior 27, no. 1: 22-28. January 2011.

Still, some research has also pointed that the negative redundancy effect does not occur if redundant information is short and respects spatial contiguity principles.2) Mayer, Richard E., and Cheryl I. Johnson. Revising the Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology 100, no. 2: 380-386. May 2008.