| ^  Biheviorism  ^  Cognitivism  ^  Humanism  ^  Constructivism  ^  Connectivism  ^
^  Time line:  |  Since 1900s  |  Since 1960s   |  Since 1960s  |  Since 1970s  |  Since 2000s  |
^  What is learning:  |  Development of desired behavior  |  Acquisition of new knowledge and developing adequate mental constructions  |  A mean which should help learner in self-actualization and development of personal potentials  |  Construction of new knowledge  |  Process of connection-forming  |
^  Control locus:  |  Environment  |  Learner  |  Learner  |  Learner  |  Mostly learner but also environment  |
^  Learner role:  |  Passive, simply responding to external stimuli  |  Active and central to the process, he learns objective knowledge from external world  |  Active and discovery  |  Active, constructing his representation of knowledge using preferred learning styles  |  Knowledge acquisition in form of establishing connections to other nodes  |
^  Learning process:  |  External supporting of desired or punishing of undesired behavior  |  An active process of acquiring and processing new information using prior knowledge and experience  |  Active learning through experience  |  Construction of subjective representation of knowledge based on prior knowledge and experience  |  Learning can also reside outside a person (within a database or an organization) and is focused on establishing connections  |
^  Critics:  |  Ignores learner and his mental processes, depends exclusively on overt behavior  |  Views knowledge as objective and external to the learner  |  More psychologically then experimentally grounded approach based on assumptions of free will and a system of human values which are generally believed to be true, yet sometimes discredited through counterexamples  |  There is little evidence for some constructivist views, and some even contradict known findings  |  A relatively new and according to some not fully developed theory  | 
^  Key authors:  |  [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)]], [[http://www.ivanpavlov.com/|Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936)]], [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/guthrie.htm|Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)]], [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/tolman.htm|Edward Tolman (1886 - 1959)]], [[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Clark_L._Hull|Clark Hull (1884 – 1952)]], [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner (1904  - 1990)]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes|William Estes (1919 - )]]  |  [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer|Max Wertheimer (1880 – 1943)]], [[http://www.davidausubel.org/|David  Ausubel (1918 - 2008)]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura|Albert Bandura (1925 - )]], [[http://www.ibstpi.org/Products/pdf/appendix_A-C.pdf|Robert Gagné (1916 - 2002)]], [[http://www.education.com/reference/article/anderson-richard-chase-1934-/|Richard Anderson (1934 - )]], [[http://www.rogerschank.com/|Roger Schank]], [[http://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/staff/john-sweller-726.html|John Sweller]], [[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Mayer]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Dale|Edgar Dale (1900 – 1985)]], [[http://www.indiana.edu/~syschang/decatur/bios/biographies.html|Charles Reigeluth]], [[http://www.ihmc.us/groups/jnovak/|Joseph Novak]], [[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]], [[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]], [[http://www.scandura.com/|Joseph Scandura]]  |  [[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/3114/David-Kolb.html|David Kolb (1939 - )]], [[http://nlu.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/JackMezirow.cfm|Jack Mezirow ]], [[http://www.nrogers.com/carlrogersbio.html|Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987)]], [[http://www.invitationaleducation.net/alliance/wwp.pdf|William Purkey (1929 - )]], [[http://www.holtgws.com/johnholtpage.html|John Holt]], [[http://nlu.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/malcolmknowles.cfm|Malcolm Knowles]], [[http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-freir.htm|Paulo Freire]]  |  [[http://wilderdom.com/experiential/JohnDeweyPhilosophyEducation.html|John Dewey]], [[http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html|Jean Piaget]], [[http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/|Lev Vygotsky (1896 - 1934)]], [[http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html|Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)]], [[http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/jeanlave|Jean Lave ]], [[http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/jeanlave|Jean Lave]], [[http://www.ewenger.com/theory/|Etienne Wenger]], [[http://www.sesp.northwestern.edu/profile/?p=52&/AllanCollins/|Allan Collins]], [[http://www.psych.nyu.edu/bruner/|Jerome Bruner (1915 - )]]  |  [[http://www.elearnspace.org/about.htm|George Simens]], [[http://www.downes.ca/|Stephen Downes]]  |