====== Redundancy Principle ======


===== Theory =====

Redundancy principle refers to the fact that capacity of both human information channels can unnecessarily be **overloaded by redundant information** presented in multiple forms or unnecessary elaborations thereby negatively affecting learning process.(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=SSLdo1MLIywC&pg=PA159&dq=redundancy+principle&hl=hr&ei=dWTvTZ-PIsWcOrzzpd4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=redundancy%20principle&f=false|Mayer, Richard E. The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]))



===== Practice =====

The redundancy principle refers for example to a learning material in which a text is presented near a picture to explain it, but similar spoken text (carrying same information) is also included in the material. The related information should be **complementary**. The same (redundant) information presented to the learner through both information channels is unnecessarily wasting cognitive resources when they could be used to obtain more related useful information.


===== Research status =====

Although research has showed that redundant information generally hinders learning((For details see: [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=SSLdo1MLIywC&pg=PA159&dq=redundancy+principle&hl=hr&ei=dWTvTZ-PIsWcOrzzpd4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=redundancy%20principle&f=false|Mayer, Richard E. The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]))(([[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563210001445|Schmidt-Weigand, Florian, and Katharina Scheiter. The role of spatial descriptions in learning from multimedia. Computers in Human Behavior 27, no. 1: 22-28. January 2011.]])), some research has also pointed that the negative redundancy effect does not occur if redundant information is short and respects spatial contiguity principles.(([[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022066308600380|Mayer, Richard E., and Cheryl I. Johnson. Revising the Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology 100, no. 2: 380-386. May 2008.]]))