instructional_design:programmed_instruction
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
| Both sides previous revision Previous revision Next revision | Previous revision Next revision Both sides next revision | ||
|
instructional_design:programmed_instruction [2011/07/15 12:48] jpetrovic [Bibliography] |
instructional_design:programmed_instruction [2013/09/30 17:58] jpetrovic [Keywords and most important names] |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
| ===== General ===== | ===== General ===== | ||
| - | Although first ideas on **instruction automation** can be trackedto even earlier years(([[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w8711256732774h7/|McDonald, Jason K., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Russell T. Osguthorpe. Learning from programmed instruction: Examining implications for modern instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development 53, no. 2: 84-98. June 2005.]])), first notable steps in programmed instruction were taken by [[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2332/Pressey-Sidney-L-1888-1979.html|Sidney Pressey]]((Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376, 1926.)) and further developed by [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]] in the mid-1950s. In Pressey's words, the teacher is | + | Although first ideas on **instruction automation** can be tracked to even earlier years(([[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w8711256732774h7/|McDonald, Jason K., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Russell T. Osguthorpe. Learning from programmed instruction: Examining implications for modern instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development 53, no. 2: 84-98. June 2005.]])), first notable steps in programmed instruction were taken by [[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2332/Pressey-Sidney-L-1888-1979.html|Sidney Pressey]]((Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376, 1926.)) in the 1920s and further developed by [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]] in the mid-1950s. In Pressey's words, the teacher is |
| * "... //burdened by such routine of drill and information-fixing...//", but a mechanical device device could be used to "//lift from her shoulders as much as possible of this burden and make her free for those inspirational and thought-stimulating activities which are, presumably, the real function of the teacher.//"((Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376, 1926.)) | * "... //burdened by such routine of drill and information-fixing...//", but a mechanical device device could be used to "//lift from her shoulders as much as possible of this burden and make her free for those inspirational and thought-stimulating activities which are, presumably, the real function of the teacher.//"((Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376, 1926.)) | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| * ensuring that learners are correct as often as possible through shaping (//**overprompting**//). | * ensuring that learners are correct as often as possible through shaping (//**overprompting**//). | ||
| - | Research has provided questionable results about the efficiency of the programmed instruction and learning machines. A meta-study((Schramm, W. The Research on Programmed Learning: an annotated bibliography. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964.)) summarized results of 36 studies comparing programmed instruction with traditional classroom teaching. 18 of 36 showed no statistically significant difference, 17 showed a statistically significant difference in favor of programmed instruction and one study showed a statistically significant difference in favor of classroom teaching. | + | Research has provided questionable results about the efficiency of the programmed instruction and learning machines. A meta-study((Schramm, W. The Research on Programmed Learning: an annotated bibliography. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964.)), that summarized results of 36 studies comparing programmed instruction with traditional classroom teaching suggested 18 of 36 showed no statistically significant difference, 17 showed a statistically significant difference in favor of programmed instruction and one study showed a statistically significant difference in favor of classroom teaching. |
| Other research found that programmed instruction can result in frustration if a learner can't follow the pace of his peers, paying less attention due to overprompting and eventually disliking the concept of programmed instruction.(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bsGlHAAACAAJ|Casas, Martha. The history surrounding the use of Skinnerian teaching machines and programmed instruction (1960-1970). Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1997.]] cited by [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w8711256732774h7/|McDonald, Jason K., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Russell T. Osguthorpe. Learning from programmed instruction: Examining implications for modern instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development 53, no. 2: 84-98. 2005.]])) | Other research found that programmed instruction can result in frustration if a learner can't follow the pace of his peers, paying less attention due to overprompting and eventually disliking the concept of programmed instruction.(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bsGlHAAACAAJ|Casas, Martha. The history surrounding the use of Skinnerian teaching machines and programmed instruction (1960-1970). Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1997.]] cited by [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w8711256732774h7/|McDonald, Jason K., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Russell T. Osguthorpe. Learning from programmed instruction: Examining implications for modern instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development 53, no. 2: 84-98. 2005.]])) | ||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
| * **Programmed instruction**, **learning machine**, **shaping**, **reinforcement**, **overprompting** | * **Programmed instruction**, **learning machine**, **shaping**, **reinforcement**, **overprompting** | ||
| - | * [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]], [[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2332/Pressey-Sidney-L-1888-1979.html|Sidney Pressey]] | + | * [[http://www.bfskinner.org/bfskinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]], [[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2332/Pressey-Sidney-L-1888-1979.html|Sidney Pressey]] |
| ===== Bibliography ===== | ===== Bibliography ===== | ||
| Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
| [[http://www.isrl.illinois.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1954teaching_machine.html|Wleklinski, Nichole. Skinner’s Teaching Machine and Programmed Learning Theory.]] Retrieved July 15, 2011. | [[http://www.isrl.illinois.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1954teaching_machine.html|Wleklinski, Nichole. Skinner’s Teaching Machine and Programmed Learning Theory.]] Retrieved July 15, 2011. | ||
| - | [[www.hull.ac.uk/php/edskas/edtech/c2.pdf|Spencer, K. Psychology of Learning: improving pupil performance. The art of teaching and the science of learning.]] | + | [[http://www.hull.ac.uk/php/edskas/edtech/c2.pdf|Spencer, K. Psychology of Learning: improving pupil performance. The art of teaching and the science of learning.]] |
| ===== Read more ===== | ===== Read more ===== | ||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
| Schramm, W. The Research on Programmed Learning: an annotated bibliography. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964. | Schramm, W. The Research on Programmed Learning: an annotated bibliography. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964. | ||
| - | Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches.” School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376. 1926. | + | Pressey, S. L. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society 23, no. 586: 373-376. 1926. |
instructional_design/programmed_instruction.txt · Last modified: 2023/06/19 18:03 (external edit)
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
