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learning_theories:clasicall_conditioning [2011/04/08 11:21]
jpetrovic [Read more]
learning_theories:clasicall_conditioning [2023/06/19 18:03] (current)
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-Classical conditioning (sometimes also known as //Pavlov conditioning//,​ //​respondent conditioning//​ or //Pavlovian reinforcement//​) is an [[learning_paradigms:​behaviorism|behaviorist]] learning theory ​first introduced in 1906 by Russian physiologist [[http://​www.ivanpavlov.com/​|Ivan Pavlov]].+Classical conditioning (sometimes also known as //Pavlov conditioning//,​ //​respondent conditioning//​ or //Pavlovian reinforcement//​) is an [[learning_paradigms:​behaviorism|behaviorist]] learning theory introduced in the **first decade of the 20th century** ​by the Russian physiologist [[http://​www.ivanpavlov.com/​|Ivan Pavlov]].
  
  
 ===== What is classical conditioning?​ ===== ===== What is classical conditioning?​ =====
  
-Classical conditioning is based on the famous **Pavlov'​s dogs experiment**. He first performed a minor operation on the dog enabling easier measuring of salivation. The dog was then trained by ringing a big bell every time after it was served food. Soon, the dog associated the sound of the bell with food, that caused the reflex of salivating. In this experiment, Pavlov, with means of reinforcement,​ thought his dog to respond to the sound of the bell (//​conditioned stimulus//, //CS//) by salivating (in this case both //​conditioned//​ and //​unconditioned response//, //CS//, //UCS//), which is the same way they would respond to food (//​unconditioned stimulus//, //US//).+Classical conditioning is based on the famous **Pavlov'​s dogs experiment**. He first performed a minor operation on the dog enabling easier measuring of salivation. The dog was then trained by ringing a big bell every time after it was served food. Soon, the dog associated the sound of the bell with food, that caused the reflex of salivating. In this experiment, Pavlov, with means of reinforcement,​ thought his dog to respond to the sound of the bell (//​conditioned stimulus//, //CS//) by salivating (in this case both //​conditioned//​ and //​unconditioned response//, //CS//, //UCS//), which is the same way they would respond to food (//​unconditioned stimulus//, //US//)(([[http://​webspace.ship.edu/​cgboer/​beh.html|Boeree,​ George. Behaviorism.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.)).
  
-The learning process here consists of associating an environmental (conditioned) stimulus to a naturally occurring (unconditioned) stimulus. During the learning process it is important that unconditioned stimulus appears before conditioned stimulus. Successful **learning is manifested in a natural reflex reaction on an associated environmental stimulus**. This two statements define the classical conditioning.+The learning process here consists of associating an environmental (conditioned) stimulus to a naturally occurring (unconditioned) stimulus. During the learning process it is important that unconditioned stimulus appears before conditioned stimulus. Successful **learning is manifested in a natural reflex reaction on an associated environmental stimulus**.(([[http://​www.ivanpavlov.com/​default.htm|Ivan Pavlov.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.)) ​This two statements define the classical conditioning.
  
 [[http://​curezone.com/​ig/​i.asp?​i=36337|{{ ​ images:​pavlovs_dogs.gif?​350x300|Pavlov'​s dogs. Image borrowed from: CureZone.com. Click on the picture to follow the link.  }}]] [[http://​curezone.com/​ig/​i.asp?​i=36337|{{ ​ images:​pavlovs_dogs.gif?​350x300|Pavlov'​s dogs. Image borrowed from: CureZone.com. Click on the picture to follow the link.  }}]]
  
-Other important parameters of classical conditioning,​ introduced and researched by [[http://​www.muskingum.edu/​~psych/​psycweb/​history/​watson.htm|John Watson]], another founder of behaviorism are:+Other important parameters of classical conditioning,​ introduced and researched by [[http://​www.muskingum.edu/​~psych/​psycweb/​history/​watson.htm|John Watson]], another founder of behaviorism are(([[http://​web.mst.edu/​~psyworld/​classical_conditioning.htm|Hall,​ Richard. Classical Conditioning. Psychology World, 1998.]] Retrieved August 23, 2011.)):
  
   * **latency** - length of time interval between unconditioned and conditioned stimulus,   * **latency** - length of time interval between unconditioned and conditioned stimulus,
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 ===== Criticisms ===== ===== Criticisms =====
  
-Classical conditioning ​was experimentally confirmed and cannot be rejected as a learning theory, but its **scope is limited** and it ignores all cognitive aspects. It has until today almost completely **lost its influence**. Meaningful criticisms were also offered by **[[learning_theories:​gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychologists]]** who later inspired **[[learning_paradigms:​cognitivism|cognitivist ideas]]** of explaining the human cognitive structure. Models of human cognitive structure developed in 1960s have suggested humans are capable of learning forms superior to stimulus-response learning.+Classical conditioning ​is experimentally confirmed and cannot be rejected as a learning theory, but its **scope is limited** and it ignores all cognitive aspects ​of learning, so it has lost most of its influence ​today, especially in context of educational psychology. Meaningful criticisms were also offered by **[[learning_theories:​gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychologists]]** who later inspired **[[learning_paradigms:​cognitivism|cognitivist ideas]]** of explaining the human cognitive structure. Models of human cognitive structure developed in 1960s have suggested humans are capable of learning forms superior to stimulus-response learning.
  
  
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 ===== Bibliography ===== ===== Bibliography =====
  
-[[http://​psychology.about.com/​od/​behavioralpsychology/​a/​classcond.htm|Classical Conditioning - Introduction to Classical Conditioning.]] Retrieved January 5, 2011.+[[http://​psychology.about.com/​od/​behavioralpsychology/​a/​classcond.htm|Cherry, Kendra. ​Introduction to Classical Conditioning.]] Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  
 [[http://​www.learning-theories.com/​classical-conditioning-pavlov.html|Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) at Learning Theories.]] Retrieved January 7, 2011. [[http://​www.learning-theories.com/​classical-conditioning-pavlov.html|Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) at Learning Theories.]] Retrieved January 7, 2011.
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