learning_theories:operant_conditioning
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learning_theories:operant_conditioning [2011/03/07 16:52] jpetrovic [What is operant conditioning?] |
learning_theories:operant_conditioning [2023/06/19 18:03] (current) |
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| - | Operant conditioning, sometimes also known as //Skinnerian conditioning// or //radical behaviorism// is a [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism|behaviorist]] learning approach similar to [[clasicall_conditioning|classical conditioning]], mostly influenced by early theoretical and experimental works of American psychologist [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Frederic Skinner]] from the 1950s. Main difference between those two theories is that **classical** conditioning **modifies only reflex reactions** and **operant** conditioning **shapes new behavior**. | + | Operant conditioning, sometimes also known as //Skinnerian conditioning// or //radical behaviorism// is a [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism|behaviorist]] learning approach similar to [[clasicall_conditioning|classical conditioning]], mostly influenced by early theoretical and experimental works of American psychologist [[http://www.bfskinner.org/bfskinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Frederic Skinner]] from the 1950s. Main difference between those two theories is that **classical** conditioning **modifies only reflex reactions** and **operant** conditioning **shapes new behavior**. |
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| In another experiment, two lights (red and green) were introduced into the box and the rat would only get the food if one of them was on. The rat soon learned to discriminate between the lights, and stopped or reduced pressing the lever when the "wrong" light was on. | In another experiment, two lights (red and green) were introduced into the box and the rat would only get the food if one of them was on. The rat soon learned to discriminate between the lights, and stopped or reduced pressing the lever when the "wrong" light was on. | ||
| - | Unlike Pavlovian conditioning, where an existing behavior (salivating for food) is shaped by associating it with a new stimulus (sound of a bell), operant conditioning is the **rewarding of an act that approaches a new desired behavior**, but can also be the opposite: **punishing undesirable behavior**. | + | Unlike Pavlovian conditioning, where an existing behavior (salivating for food) is shaped by associating it with a new stimulus (sound of a bell), operant conditioning is the **rewarding of an act that approaches a new desired behavior**, but can also be the opposite: **punishing undesirable behavior** (negative reinforcement).(([[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, George. F. B. Skinner. Personality Theories.]])) |
| - | After running short on rat food, Skinner accidentally also started observing effects of different **schedules of reinforcement**: | + | After accidentally running short on rat food once, Skinner also started observing effects of different **schedules of reinforcement**(([[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, George. F. B. Skinner. Personality Theories.]])): |
| * **continuous** - reinforcement occurs after every displayed behavior, | * **continuous** - reinforcement occurs after every displayed behavior, | ||
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| * **variable schedules** - number of required behavior displays in order to receive reinforcement is different every time. | * **variable schedules** - number of required behavior displays in order to receive reinforcement is different every time. | ||
| - | An interesting observation he made was that if fixed interval is used, rats managed to find a "rhythm" in displaying of behavior, which was never the case in variable schedules. Surprisingly, variable schedules have also shown to be very resistant to extinction. The gambling addiction offers another example for this: although reinforcement comes rarely, one can never be sure if it will or won't come the next time so he gives another try. | + | An interesting observation he made was that if fixed interval is used, rats managed to find a "rhythm" in displaying of behavior, which was never the case in variable schedules. Variable schedules, surprisingly, have also shown to be very resistant to extinction. The gambling addiction offers another example for this: although reinforcement comes rarely, one can never be sure if it will or won't come the next time so he gives another try. |
| - | Operant conditioning can also be used to **shape more complex behaviors** by starting from an idea similar to the intended behavior and after it is learned **slowly shaping it until it becomes exactly what was desired**. An example of this is how Skinner and his students managed to teach pigeons to bowl. | + | Operant conditioning can also be used to **shape more complex behaviors** by starting from an idea similar to the intended behavior and after it is learned **slowly shaping it until it becomes exactly what was desired**. An example of this is how Skinner and his students managed to teach pigeons to bowl.(([[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, George. F. B. Skinner. Personality Theories.]])) |
| - | Some of his ideas Skinner incorporated in his book "Walden II", about a behavior control based utopian society. He is also remembered for claiming that if his house was on fire, he would rather save his books than his children, since his writings could make greater contributions than his genes. | + | Some of his ideas Skinner incorporated in his book "Walden II", about a behavior control based utopian society. He is also remembered for claiming that if his house was on fire, he would rather save his books than his children, since his writings could make greater contributions than his genes.(([[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, George. F. B. Skinner. Personality Theories.]])) |
| ===== What is the practical meaning of operant conditioning? ===== | ===== What is the practical meaning of operant conditioning? ===== | ||
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| * **Operant conditioning**, **Skinnerian conditioning**, **radical behaviorism**, **Skinner box**, **operant conditioning chamber**, **schedules of reinforcement** | * **Operant conditioning**, **Skinnerian conditioning**, **radical behaviorism**, **Skinner box**, **operant conditioning chamber**, **schedules of reinforcement** | ||
| - | * [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]] | + | * [[http://www.bfskinner.org/bfskinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner]] |
| ===== Bibliography ===== | ===== Bibliography ===== | ||
| - | [[http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm|Cherry, K. Introduction to Operant Conditioning. About.com Psychology.]] | + | [[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, G. Personality theories: B. F. Skinner.]] Retrieved February 22, 2011. |
| - | + | ||
| - | [[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html|Boeree, G. Personality theories: B. F. Skinner.]] | + | |
| [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=7AEOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blackman,+Derek+E.+Operant+conditioning:+an+experimental+analysis+of+behaviour&source=bl&ots=Yv4N2uSl_g&sig=dhFycQg4gUqEF0Cmqtzpf6-gKco&hl=hr&ei=dKhrTcb7EYGv8QOF68HyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Blackman, Derek E. Operant conditioning: an experimental analysis of behaviour. Routledge, 1974.]] | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=7AEOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blackman,+Derek+E.+Operant+conditioning:+an+experimental+analysis+of+behaviour&source=bl&ots=Yv4N2uSl_g&sig=dhFycQg4gUqEF0Cmqtzpf6-gKco&hl=hr&ei=dKhrTcb7EYGv8QOF68HyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Blackman, Derek E. Operant conditioning: an experimental analysis of behaviour. Routledge, 1974.]] | ||
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| ===== Read more ===== | ===== Read more ===== | ||
| - | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=dsPV3S1wmfEC&q=Skinner,+Burrhus+F.+About+behaviorism&dq=Skinner,+Burrhus+F.+About+behaviorism&hl=hr&ei=q6hrTaWaO4u88gO777TyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw|Skinner, Burrhus F. About behaviorism. Vintage Books, 1974.]] | + | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=dsPV3S1wmfEC|Skinner, Burrhus F. About behaviorism. Vintage Books, 1974.]] |
| [[http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Skinner/Pigeon/|Skinner, B. F. "Superstition" in the Pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology #38, p168-172. 1947.]] | [[http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Skinner/Pigeon/|Skinner, B. F. "Superstition" in the Pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology #38, p168-172. 1947.]] | ||
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| [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285014/pdf/15693526.pdf|Peterson, G. B. A day of great illumination: BF Skinner's discovery of shaping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 82, no. 3, p317-328. 2004.]] | [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285014/pdf/15693526.pdf|Peterson, G. B. A day of great illumination: BF Skinner's discovery of shaping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 82, no. 3, p317-328. 2004.]] | ||
| - | [[http://2fwww.neurodiversity.com/library_wolf_1964.pdf|Wolf, M., Risley, T., Johnston, M., Harris, F. and Allen, E. Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child: a follow-up and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy 5, no. 2, p103-111. May 1967.]] | + | [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6025711|Wolf, M., Risley, T., Johnston, M., Harris, F. and Allen, E. Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child: a follow-up and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy 5, no. 2, p103-111. May 1967.]] |
| [[http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/30/6/837.pdf|Levene, Howard I., Engel, Bernard T. and Pearson, John A. Differential Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate. Psychosom Med 30, no. 6, p837-845. November 1, 1968.]] | [[http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/30/6/837.pdf|Levene, Howard I., Engel, Bernard T. and Pearson, John A. Differential Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate. Psychosom Med 30, no. 6, p837-845. November 1, 1968.]] | ||
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