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learning_theories:sign_learning [2012/01/12 11:42]
127.0.0.1 external edit
learning_theories:sign_learning [2023/06/19 18:03] (current)
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 According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning. According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning.
  
-In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:​(([[http://​fac.hsu.edu/​ahmada/​3%20Courses/​2%20Learning/​Learning%20Notes/​9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad,​ Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ&​pg=PA142&​lpg=PA142&​dq=Sign+Learning++Field+Cognition+Modes&​source=bl&​ots=yEGFOzBqbm&​sig=bwNS5ZInKDEPBNGBw3ek0mXHp0g&​hl=hr&​ei=EwF1TaC8NdOzhAe_5YlO&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=2&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#​v=onepage&​q=Sign%20Learning%20%20Field%20Cognition%20Modes&​f=false|Hill, Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]]))+In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:​(([[http://​fac.hsu.edu/​ahmada/​3%20Courses/​2%20Learning/​Learning%20Notes/​9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad,​ Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://​books.google.com/​books?​id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ|Hill,​ Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]]))
  
   * **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud'​s psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis).   * **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud'​s psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis).
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 ===== Read more ===== ===== Read more =====
  
-[[http://​wexler.free.fr/​library/​files/​tolman%20%281938%29%20the%20determiners%20of%20behavior%20at%20a%20choice-point.pdf|Tolman,​ E. C. The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point. Psychological Review, 45, 1-41. 1938.]]+[[http://​wexler.free.fr/​library/​files/​tolman ​(1938) the determiners of behavior at a choice-point.pdf|Tolman,​ E. C. The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point. Psychological Review, 45, 1-41. 1938.]]
  
-[[http://​psychclassics.yorku.ca/​Tolman/​Maps/​maps.htm|Tollman, E. Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. 1948.]]+[[http://​psychclassics.yorku.ca/​Tolman/​Maps/​maps.htm|Tolman, E. Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. 1948.]]
  
 [[http://​psychclassics.yorku.ca/​Tolman/​formula.htm|Tolman,​ E. A new formula for behaviorism. The Psychological Review, 29, 44-53. 1922.]] [[http://​psychclassics.yorku.ca/​Tolman/​formula.htm|Tolman,​ E. A new formula for behaviorism. The Psychological Review, 29, 44-53. 1922.]]
  
-[[http://​wexler.free.fr/​library/​files/​tolman%20%281935%29%20the%20organism%20and%20the%20causal%20texture%20of%20the%20environment.pdf|Tolman,​ E. C, & Brunswik, E. The Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment. 1935.]]+[[http://​wexler.free.fr/​library/​files/​tolman ​(1935) the organism and the causal texture of the environment.pdf|Tolman,​ E. C, & Brunswik, E. The Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment. 1935.]] 
learning_theories/sign_learning.1326364961.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/06/19 17:49 (external edit)