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--- learning_theories:the_keller_plan [2011/07/08 12:59]
jpetrovic [Criticisms]
+++ learning_theories:the_keller_plan [2023/06/19 18:03]
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-====== The Keller Plan ======
-===== General =====
-The Keller Plan (also called //The Personalized System of Instruction//) is an instructional method introduced by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], J. Gilmour Sherman, and other researchers in the 1960s.(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])) This individualized learning method was oriented on improvement of high school learning.
-===== What is the Keller plan? =====
-Keller's idea was to make higher education teaching more adjusted to individual needs. His method was first introduced in 1962 in order to help establishing a Department of Psychology at the University of Brasilia and design a course for the students. After additional modifications, the key aspects of his method can be described as follows:(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]]))
-  * **Go-at-your-own-pace**. A student can move through the course content at his own pace.
-  * Strict definitions of **learning objectives**.
-  * **Unit-perfection requirement**. In order to advance to the next unit, a student needs to demonstrate mastery of the preceding unit.
-  * Emphasis on **written materials**. The emphasis is on learning from written materials. Lectures and demonstrations //will be provided only when you have demonstrated your readiness to appreciate them; no examination will be based upon them: and you need not attend them if you do not wish.//(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]]))
-  * The use of **proctors**. Proctors enhance the social aspect of educational process, enable repeated testing with immediate scoring and tutoring.
-Still, as this a behaviorist learning model and Keller is a reinforcement theorist himself, he also notes that the teacher himself decides on the content that is being taught and reinforcement means he employs. Modularization separating the content into a number of slammer units can also be considered to be a form of shaping, or forming desired behavior bit by bit.
-===== What is the practical meaning of the Keller plan? =====
-The practical meaning of Keller's model consists of implementing above measures in practice. An example of this is a [[chunks:hand-out describing Keller's teaching methods]] applied to the first-semester course in General Psychology in 1967.
-===== Criticisms =====
-Criticisms of Keller's method include(([[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2085/Individualized-Instruction.html|Individualized Instruction - Pace, Method, Content, Examples of Individualized Instruction, Final Issues.]]))(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])):
-  * limited instructional methods,
-  * extra efforts by teacher and tutors,
-  * high dropout rates, and
-  * decreased human interaction.

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