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--- learning_theories:the_keller_plan [2011/07/08 12:11]
jpetrovic [What is the Keller plan?]
+++ learning_theories:the_keller_plan [2023/06/19 18:03] (current)
@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ===== General =====
-The Keller Plan (also called //The Personalized System of Instruction//) is an instructional method introduced by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], J. Gilmour Sherman, and other researchers in the 1960s.(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])) This individualized learning method was oriented on improvement of high school learning.
+The Keller Plan (also called //The Personalized System of Instruction//) is an instructional method introduced by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], J. Gilmour Sherman, and several other researchers in the 1960s.(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])) This individualized learning method was oriented on improvement of high school learning.
 ===== What is the Keller plan? =====
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Keller's idea was to make higher education teaching more adjusted to individual needs. His method was first introduced in 1962 in order to help establishing a Department of Psychology at the University of Brasilia and design a course for the students. After additional modifications, the key aspects of his method can be described as follows:(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]]))
-  * **Go-at-your-own-pace**. A student can move through the course content at his own pace.
+  * **Go-at-your-own-pace**. A student can move through the course content at his own pace, independently of other students.
+  * Detailed definitions of **learning objectives**.
   * **Unit-perfection requirement**. In order to advance to the next unit, a student needs to demonstrate mastery of the preceding unit.
-  * Emphasis on **written materials**. The emphasis is on learning from written materials. Lectures and demonstrations //will be provided only when you have demonstrated your readiness to appreciate them; no examination will be based upon them: and you need not attend them if you do not wish.//
+  * Emphasis on **written materials**. The emphasis is on learning from written materials. Lectures and demonstrations //will be provided only when you have demonstrated your readiness to appreciate them; no examination will be based upon them: and you need not attend them if you do not wish.//(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]]))
-  * //The use of proctors, which permits repeated testing, immediate scoring, almost unavoidable tutoring, and a marked enhancement of the personal-social aspect of the educational process.//
+  * The use of **proctors**. Proctors enhance the social aspect of educational process, enable repeated testing with immediate scoring and tutoring.
+Still, as this a behaviorist learning model and Keller is a reinforcement theorist himself, he also notes that the teacher himself decides on the content that is being taught and reinforcement means he employs. Modularization separating the content into a number of slammer units can also be considered to be a form of shaping, or forming desired behavior bit by bit.
+===== What is the practical meaning of the Keller plan? =====
+The practical meaning of Keller's model consists of implementing the above identified measures in practice. An example of this is a [[chunks:hand-out describing Keller's teaching methods]] applied to the first-semester course in General Psychology in 1967.
+===== Criticisms =====
+Criticisms of Keller's method include(([[http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2085/Individualized-Instruction.html|Individualized Instruction - Pace, Method, Content, Examples of Individualized Instruction, Final Issues.]]))(([[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]])):
+  * limited instructional methods,
+  * extra efforts by teacher and tutors,
+  * high dropout rates, and
+  * decreased human interaction.
+===== Keywords and most important names =====
+  * **The Keller Plan**, **Individualized System of Instruction**, **self-paced instruction**
+  * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller]], Gilmour Sherman
+===== Bibliography =====
+[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310979/|Keller, Fred S. ‘Good-bye, teacher...’ Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, no. 1: 79-89. 1968.]]
+[[http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~mm/s96/cs4984Format/subsection3_2_1.html|Fox, Edward A. Keller Plan.]] Retrieved July 7, 2011.
+===== Read more =====
+[[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED211099|Daly, D. W., and S. M. Robertson. Keller Plan in the Classroom, 1978.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=6ppbAAAAMAAJ|Keller, Fred Simmons, and John Gilmour Sherman. PSI, the Keller plan handbook: essays on a personalized system of instruction. W. A. Benjamin, 1974.]]
+[[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8535.1993.tb00640.x/abstract|Rae, Andrew. Self‐paced learning with video for undergraduates: a multimedia Keller Plan. British Journal of Educational Technology 24, no. 1: 43-51. January 1993.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=NR4zexzw8wIC|Burton, J. K., Moore, D. M., & Magliaro, S. G. Behaviorism and instructional technology. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology (pp. 46-73). New York: Macmillan, 1996.]]

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