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memory_models:human_working_memory [2011/06/17 10:22]
jpetrovic [Human working memory]
memory_models:human_working_memory [2023/06/19 18:03] (current)
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   * "//use of attention to manage short-term memory//"​.   * "//use of attention to manage short-term memory//"​.
  
-What is mostly common to them is that they address working memory as the system which manipulates information from STM, (but sometimes also LTM). As this system is one of the key components in the process of knowledge acquisition,​ the most commonly discussed working memory models of Baddeley and Cowan will be briefly discussed here.+What is mostly common to these definitions ​is that they address working memory as the system which manipulates information from STM, (but sometimes also LTM)((See: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.)). As this system is one of the key components in the process of knowledge acquisition,​ the most commonly discussed working memory models of Baddeley and Cowan will be briefly discussed here. 
  
 === Baddeley'​s model of working memory === === Baddeley'​s model of working memory ===
  
-**[[http://​www.york.ac.uk/​psychology/​staff/​faculty/​ab50/​|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://​www.york.ac.uk/​res/​wml/​ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component working memory model in **1974**(([[http://​dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/​Lit/​Articles/​BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). ​This model was very well accepted and later adjusted ​to new findings. In a series ​of experiments ​Baddeley ​and Hitch examined subjects'​ retention ​of series of numbers which were memorized before they had to judge simple logical statements or perform simple tasks. The results have shown that although both tasks required working memory capacitythe ability ​of remembering the number sequence wasn't strongly affected by judging logical statementsThis led to an assumption that working memory is composed ​out of more than one component.+Based on experiments demonstrating connections between LTM and STM, as well as experiments indicating that STM consists of more components, ​**[[http://​www.york.ac.uk/​psychology/​staff/​faculty/​ab50/​|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://​www.york.ac.uk/​res/​wml/​ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component ​//working memory// model in **1974**(([[http://​dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/​Lit/​Articles/​BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). ​The new term //working memory// ​was supposed ​to emphasize the importance ​of this system in cognitive processing.(([[http://​dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/​Lit/​Articles/​BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology ​of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]] cited by [[http://​gen.lib.rus.ec/​get?​md5=00b2fd0fb59c5de5704bb86e70a6871a|Baddeley,​ Alan D. The Psychology of Memory. In Michael D. Kopelmanand Barbara A. Wilson. The Handbook ​of Memory Disorders2nd ed. Wiley, 2002.]])) Baddeley and Hitch suggested ​working memory is composed of three parts: the **central executive**,​ a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition in the loop), and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information).
  
-Baddeley ​and Hitch suggested ​working memory ​is composed ​of three partsthe **central executive**a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition ​in the loop)and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information).+This model was later revised ​and improved by Baddeley(([[http://​www.wheaton.edu/​psychology/​undergrad/​faculty/​phinney/​Psy772Readings2006/​Baddeley2002EurPsyc.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D. Is working memory ​still working? American Psychologist,​ 11:​851–64. 2001.]]))(([[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=mU9lz8fu4VgC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=Working+Memory,​+Thought,​+and+Action&​hl=hr&​ei=XCqbTf-rO83z4Qayl5ibBw&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=false|Baddeley,​ A. D. Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.]])) but also contributed by other authors((See:​ [[http://​www.scribd.com/​doc/​23614478/​The-Rise-of-Homo-Sapiens-The-Evolution-of-Modern-Thinking|Coolidge,​ Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiensThe Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell2009.]])), which resulted in additional component of **episodic buffer**(([[http://​www.nbu.bg/​cogs/​events/​2002/​materials/​Markus/​ep_bufer.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends ​in Cognitive Science4:417–23. 2000.]])) in year **2000** and more detailed functions and analysis of other components, as described in table below.
  
-This model was later revised and improved by Baddeley(([[http://​www.wheaton.edu/​psychology/​undergrad/​faculty/​phinney/​Psy772Readings2006/​Baddeley2002EurPsyc.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D. Is working memory still working? American Psychologist,​ 11:​851–64. 2001.]]))(([[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=mU9lz8fu4VgC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=Working+Memory,​+Thought,​+and+Action&​hl=hr&​ei=XCqbTf-rO83z4Qayl5ibBw&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=false|Baddeley,​ A. D. Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.]])) but also contributed by other authors((See:​ Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.)), which resulted in additional component of **episodic buffer**(([[http://​www.nbu.bg/​cogs/​events/​2002/​materials/​Markus/​ep_bufer.pdf|Baddeley,​ A. D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4:417–23. 2000.]])) in year **2000** and more detailed functions and analysis of other components, as described in table below. 
  
-{{  :memory_models:memory.jpg?610x480|A modification ​of Baddeley’working memory ​model extended with long-term memory components. Image borrowed from: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.}}+ 
 +[[http://​psychology.wikia.com/​wiki/​Baddeley%27s_Model_of_Working_Memory|{{ :images:baddeley.jpg|Schematic ​of Baddaley'​s model.}}]]
 |  **Central executive** ​ |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive'​s functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making,​ sequencing, **updating**,​ **maintenance** and **integration of information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers. ​  | |  **Central executive** ​ |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive'​s functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making,​ sequencing, **updating**,​ **maintenance** and **integration of information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers. ​  |
 |  **Episodic buffer** ​ |Episodic buffer has the role of **integrating the information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory. It serves as the **storage component of central executive**,​ or otherwise information integration wouldn'​t be possible. ​ | |  **Episodic buffer** ​ |Episodic buffer has the role of **integrating the information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory. It serves as the **storage component of central executive**,​ or otherwise information integration wouldn'​t be possible. ​ |
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 **[[http://​web.missouri.edu/​~cowann/​|Nelson Cowan]]** proposed a different model of working memory in **1988**((Cowan,​ N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In [[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=3EfghR4hQKcC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=Models+of+working+memory:​+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&​hl=hr&​ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=true|Miyake,​ Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.]])), the **//​embeded-process model of working memory//**. Unlike Baddeley'​s model, which is concerned with modularity and components of the working memory, Cowan offered a view oriented mostly on **underlying cognitive processes** which occur when solving a task like language comprehension or production, problem-solving,​ decision-making and other. **[[http://​web.missouri.edu/​~cowann/​|Nelson Cowan]]** proposed a different model of working memory in **1988**((Cowan,​ N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In [[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=3EfghR4hQKcC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=Models+of+working+memory:​+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&​hl=hr&​ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=true|Miyake,​ Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.]])), the **//​embeded-process model of working memory//**. Unlike Baddeley'​s model, which is concerned with modularity and components of the working memory, Cowan offered a view oriented mostly on **underlying cognitive processes** which occur when solving a task like language comprehension or production, problem-solving,​ decision-making and other.
  
-{{  :​images:​cowan.jpg?​680x400|}} Cowan'​s model consists of four elements:+[[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=3EfghR4hQKcC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=Models+of+working+memory:​+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&​hl=hr&​ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=true|{{  :​images:​cowan.jpg?​680x400|Image borrowed from: Cowan, N. Embeded-process model of working memory. In Miyake, Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.}}]]Cowan'​s model consists of four elements:
  
   * **central executive** (the top rectangle in the picture),   * **central executive** (the top rectangle in the picture),
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   * the **focus of attention**.   * the **focus of attention**.
  
-The active ​memory consists of parts of long-term memory needed to preform a cognitive task. Elements can be activated ​also voluntarily or involuntarily. The amount of simultaneously active elements is still an issue of debate, but without rehearsing, evidence show these elements remain active for about 10 - 20 seconds. Working memory holds all of these activated elements, but only about 4±1 of them can be in focus, what is decided by voluntarily or involuntarily attention switching using the central executive. ​+The activated ​memory consists of parts of long-term memory needed to preform ​or related to a cognitive task. Elements can be activated voluntarily or involuntarily. The amount of simultaneously active elements is still an issue of debate, but without rehearsing ​it has been shown that elements remain active for about 10 - 20 seconds. Working memory holds all of these activated elements, but only about 4±1 of them can be in focus, what is decided by voluntarily or involuntarily attention switching using the central executive. ​
  
 Just like in Atkinson and Shiffrin model, the ingoing information is first stored in the sensory memory. Sensory information then activates certain elements inside the long-term memory. In his model, Cowan does not address the issue of processing information of different modality like Baddeley. Just like in Atkinson and Shiffrin model, the ingoing information is first stored in the sensory memory. Sensory information then activates certain elements inside the long-term memory. In his model, Cowan does not address the issue of processing information of different modality like Baddeley.
 +
 +
 +=== Extended model of working memory ===
 +
 +What follows is an extended working memory model with brain regions associated with each component.
 +
 +{{  :​memory_models:​memory.jpg?​610x480 ​ |  A modification of Baddeley’s working memory model extended with long-term memory components. Image borrowed from: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.  }}
 +
  
 ===== Bibliography ===== ===== Bibliography =====
  
-Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.+[[http://​www.scribd.com/​doc/​23614478/​The-Rise-of-Homo-Sapiens-The-Evolution-of-Modern-Thinking|Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell,​ 2009.]]
  
 [[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=8CqAOacPkiQC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=%22Ged%C3%A4chtnis%22+Gruber&​hl=hr&​ei=4yKbTc3dHcff4wa06cTeBg&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=false|Gruber,​ Thomas. Gedächtnis. VS Verlag, 2010.]] [[http://​books.google.hr/​books?​id=8CqAOacPkiQC&​printsec=frontcover&​dq=%22Ged%C3%A4chtnis%22+Gruber&​hl=hr&​ei=4yKbTc3dHcff4wa06cTeBg&​sa=X&​oi=book_result&​ct=result&​resnum=1&​ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#​v=onepage&​q&​f=false|Gruber,​ Thomas. Gedächtnis. VS Verlag, 2010.]]
memory_models/human_working_memory.1308298936.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/06/19 17:49 (external edit)