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Konstruktivizam

O konstruktivizmu

Suprotno stajalištima biheviorizma i kognitivizma, konstruktivizam 1) kao paradigma učenja polazi od stajališta da je okolina osobe koja uči objektivna i stvarna te da osoba mora usvojiti principe i činjenice. Predlaže da2) :

Učenje discipline stoga bi trebalo:

Iako se ideje konstruktivizma javljaju već u 18. stoljeću kod autora poput Giambattista Vicoa3) , počeo se razvijati tek 1970-ih4) ) i predstavio se kao paradigma, ali i kao teorija5) . Danas se konstruktivizam u literaturi pojavljuje u brojnim varijantama6) , od kojih se ističu dvije7) :

Teorije učenja

Teorije instrukcijskih dizajna i modela učenja:

Kritike

Modeli konstruktivističkog instrukcijskog dizajna izloženi su u zadnje vrijeme mnogim kritikama9) 10) , najviše zbog promoviranja samo učenja otkrivanjem i instrukcijama minimalnog navođenja. Richard Mayer11) je provjerio rezultate eksperimentima učenja otkrivanjem između 1950-ih i 1980-ih i zaključio da se svakog desetljeća razvio novi, sličan pristup pod drugim imenom, ne čineći pri tome značajne razlike. Njegovim riječima,

Kritike tvrde, da učenje otkrivanjem i instrukcijama minimalnog navođenja, iako pristupačnije učenicima13) ,

Iako konstruktivizam također uključuje metode učenja sa određenim stupnjem vođenja i ne samo učenje otkrivanjem te instrukcijama minimalnog navođenja, kritike tvrde da te metode i dalje ne uvažavaju dokazane prednosti vođenja, praktičnih primjera i potiču veća kognitivna opterećenja koja zatim rezultiraju u smanjenju resursa dostupnih za učenje uslijed orijentiranja traženju rješenja na određeni problem.

Važno je napomenuti da ta otkrića ne ukazuju da su početne pretpostavke konstruktivizma, učenik sam stvara vlastite reprezentacije znanja, pogrešne. To ukazuje da predložene posljedice instrukcijskih dizajna, opisane u modelima učenja otkrivanjem s minimalnim vođenjem, ne moraju nužno uslijediti. Danas je uvriježeno mišljenje da se prednosti vođenja tijekom instrukcijskog procesa gube samo kada učenici posjeduju dovoljnu količinu prethodnog znanja kako bi sami stvorili smjernice za učenje24) .

Bibliografija

Ertmer, P. A., Newby T. J. Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4):50–72. 1993.

Liu, C. H, and R. Matthews. Vygotsky’s philosophy: Constructivism and its criticisms examined. International Education Journal 6, no. 3: 386–399. 2005.

Husen, T., and T. N. Postlethwaite. Constructivism in Education. In The International Encyclopedia of Education, 1:162-163. Oxford/New York: Pergamon Press, 1989.

Constructivism at Learning Theories. Preuzeto 2. ožujka 2011.

Sjoberg, S. Constructivism and learning. In Sjoberg, S., E. Baker, B. McGaw, and P. Peterson. International Encyclopedia of Education 3rd Edition, Oxford: Elsevier, 2007.

Saznajte više

Press, Teachers College. Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice. Teachers College Press, 1996.

L. P. Steffe & J. Gale (Eds.). Constructivism in education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1995.

K. Tobin (Ed.). The practice of constructivism in science education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1993.

Mahoney, M.J. i Granvold, D.K. (2005). Constructivism and psychotherapy. World Psychiatry, 4(2), 74-74.

Marie Larochelle, Nadine Bednarz, and James W. Garrison, Constructivism and education. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Phillips, D. C. The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of constructivism. Educational researcher 24, no. 7: 5–12. 1995.

Raskin, J.D. (2002). Constructivism in Psychology: Personal Construct Psychology, Radical Constructivism, and Social Constructionism. American Communication Journal, 5(3), 1-25.

1)
Constructivism is a term often used in different fields with many different meanings
2)
2
3)
Giambattista, V. De Antiquissima Italorum Sapientia. 1710.
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4
5)
Press, Teachers College. Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice. Teachers College Press, 1996.
6)
S. Sjoberg et al. Constructivism and learning. In Baker, E., McGaw, B. & Peterson P (Eds). International Encyclopaedia of Education 3rd Edition, Oxford: Elsevier, 2007.
7)
Liu, C. H, and R. Matthews. Vygotsky’s philosophy: Constructivism and its criticisms examined. International Education Journal 6, no. 3: 386–399. 2005.
8)
See: Ernst von Glasersfeld. Constructivism in Education. In The International Encyclopedia of Education, vol. 1, pp162-163. Oxford/New York, Pergamon Press, 1989
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9
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10) _FCKG_BLANK_TD_
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